Climate, pandemic, Ukraine: impacts and perspectives on European resilience

From a theoretical point of view, European resilience means the Union's ability to “resist, adapt and recover quickly in the event of a [crisis] without compromising its long-term development”. From a practical and current point of view, it means ensuring the energy independence of the Union through an ecological transition.

International sanctions: democracy in disarray

With the invasion of Ukraine, the Russian threat forces the West to resort to international sanctions, generating economic dependence among peoples and offering a key to understanding the democratic discourse at odds with the ideal it promotes.